- PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a technique that detects specific regions in pathogen genome and amplifies them to visible level.
- qPCR Real-time PCR, or quantitative PCR is a DNA-based detection assay where a PCR-amplified product is detected by fluorescing signal as it forms, in real-time, as opposed to conventional PCR, where the product is detected after completion of PCR cycles by gel electrophoresis. Two main types of qPCR chemistries exist: probe-based Taqman assays and SYBR Green assays, where fluorescing, DNA-binding dye is used instead of probe.
- ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is an immunoassay where pathogen-specific antibody is used to identify given pathogen’s surface molecules.
- Microscopic examination is used to identify signs of plant pathogens (fungi or bacteria) on symptomatic plant tissues. This may be done either by using a dissecting scope or a compound microscope.
- Culturing is a method that is used to isolate fungi and bacteria from symptomatic plant tissue or soil. Selective or non-selective media may be used. Identification is based on the growth and morphological characters an organism produces on a given laboratory medium. Molecular identification (fingerprinting) may also be used. See soil pathogens page for more information.